Hearing is the sense by which sounds
are appreciated, referred to as the
watchdog of the senses, hearing is the
last sense to disappear when one falls
asleep and the first to return when one
awakens. Position sense refers to the
orientation of the head in space and
the movement of the body through
space, its balance and equilibrium.
The word auditory refers to the sense
of hearing the comes from the latin
word “ audir” which means ‘to hear’.
The physical nature of sound results
from the compression and rarefaction
of pressure waves and moving
molecules,
are appreciated, referred to as the
watchdog of the senses, hearing is the
last sense to disappear when one falls
asleep and the first to return when one
awakens. Position sense refers to the
orientation of the head in space and
the movement of the body through
space, its balance and equilibrium.
The word auditory refers to the sense
of hearing the comes from the latin
word “ audir” which means ‘to hear’.
The physical nature of sound results
from the compression and rarefaction
of pressure waves and moving
molecules,
Ear Anatomy
External middle and inner ear
The ear is a sensory organ that functions in the identification, localization, and interpretation of sound as well as the
maintenance of equilibrium. Anatomically is divided into the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear,
including the auricle and external auditory canal, is composed of cartilage covered with skin. The auricles which are fixed in
position and lie close to the head, are responsible for the concentrating sound waves and conducting them into the external
auditory canal. Both ears provide stereophonic ( To hear at the same time from both sides of the cranium or head ) hearing
for judging the direction of sound, whereas the shape of the auricles helps to differentiate sounds coming from directly
behind from those sounds arriving directly in front. The external auditory canal, and S-shaped pathway leading to the middle
ear, is approximately 2.5 CM in length in adults and shelters to tympanic membrane.
The ear's skeleton is made up of bone and cartilage and is covered with a very thin sensitive skin lining. The canal lining is
protected and lubricated with cerumen, a waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the distal third area of the canal.
The cerumen Traps foreign material and reduces bacterial levels in the outer ear. Look at the structural landmarks in the
picture above and locate the tympanic membrane, which is the eardrum - you can see that the eardrum is located at the end
of the external auditory canal. The tempanic membrane ( eardrum) is a thin fibrous membrane covered with skin on its lateral
aspect and covers the middle area with mucous membrane that lines the middle ear and is filled with air which comes from
the nasopharynx and through the eustachian tube. Posteriorly or the outer part of the middle ear communicates with the
mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, which is located behind the ear lobe. The middle ears mucous membrane is lined with
the pharynx and the mastoid cells, which would allow it to become infected and for that infection to travel to the middle ear
and then would be called the otitis media, and also the mastoid cells which would be called (mastoid -itis).
The Eustachian tubes served to aerate the airfield spaces of the temporal bone, and it equalizes the pressure in the middle
and the atmospheric pressure. It will open up during yawning, sneezing,or swallowing and remains closed when the pressure
is greater outside of the ear.
You have a chain of bones located in your ear, the tiny movable bones (ossicles) extends across the middle ear cavity and
conducts vibrations ( air-borne sound waves) from the typanic membrane across the middle ear and into the oval window and
the flued filled inner ear aspect or area.
The Three bones are the Malleus or ( Hammer) which consists of a head, neck, handle, and short process. The handle and
short process are attached to the undersurface of the eardrum and joins it to the incus. The next bone is the Incus or (Anvil)
which consits of a body and a long and short process. The Incus is connected to the stapes which is our third inner bone.
The stapes or ( stirrup ) is made up of a head, neck, anterior and posterior crura, and a footplate which fits into the oval
window. With all three of these bones we get a transmission of vibrations from air to fluid in the inner ear.
More information on the Ear.
Hearing
Hearing is a sound wave from the brain. Te auricles serve as a sound device and functions as a transmitter of sound waves
traveling through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane. The vibration of this action initiates ossicular motion
in the inner canal bones. The malleus is attached to the typanic membrane and begins vibrating along with the stapes and
incus which are attached to the malleus on the opposite side. These vibrations are passed to the oval window of the inner
ear where the stapes is attached or inserted. From this point the delicate hair cells of the organ membrane corti strike
against the membrane of the Corti which in turn sends stimulating impulses in the sensory endings of the auditory area of the
eighth cranial nerve. The impulses are transmitted to the temporal lobe of the brain to decipher the message of interpretation.
More information on Hearing.
Nose and Nasal Septum
The nose is a prominent area of the face and is covered with skin and is supported internally by bone and cartlage. The
nose has two openings called nares which allow air to enter and leave the nasal cavity. The openings contain small hairs that
help to filter out hard particles that air sometimes carries. The nose is divided into the prominent external portion and the
internal portion known as the nasal cavity. The nose has a main purpose of getting air to the lungs. The nose is formed by
the nasal bones, Frontal process, and the septum which is covered with skin. More information on the Nose.
Throat Surgery
The mouth is formed by cheeks, hard-soft palates, and the tongue. It extends from the lips to the anterior pillars of the throat.
The month and throat are connected to the Pharynx which is connected to the nose. Also the month has many surgical
aspects such as the tonsils and uvula. And most neck surgeries that are deep will be performed with a microscope of some
kind on procedure would be on the vocal cords.
To get more information On Throat.
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but the sensations that humans actually experience are the
product of complex mechnical, electrical, and psychological
interactions in the ear and central nervous system. Studies of
the ear and the diseases that they have are called or known
as “ Otology “, Which comes from the Greek word o’tos,
meaning ear.Principles applied to all operations on the ear and
temporal bone include the necessity for maintaining aseptic
techniques, Microscopes, The development of improved
instrumentation, and the use of preoperative sedation,
anesthesia, and antibiotic therapy.
The success of this type of procedure and the restoration of
useful hearing is attributed to new concepts and techniques,
The types of approaches to gain access to the temporal
region, and the improvements in the design and materials
used in implantable prosthetic devices. The better
understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the ear has
allowed the surgeon to perform reconstructive surgeries to
improve the patients hearing and equilibrium and to have
greater control of diseases in the middle ear and mastoid.
product of complex mechnical, electrical, and psychological
interactions in the ear and central nervous system. Studies of
the ear and the diseases that they have are called or known
as “ Otology “, Which comes from the Greek word o’tos,
meaning ear.Principles applied to all operations on the ear and
temporal bone include the necessity for maintaining aseptic
techniques, Microscopes, The development of improved
instrumentation, and the use of preoperative sedation,
anesthesia, and antibiotic therapy.
The success of this type of procedure and the restoration of
useful hearing is attributed to new concepts and techniques,
The types of approaches to gain access to the temporal
region, and the improvements in the design and materials
used in implantable prosthetic devices. The better
understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the ear has
allowed the surgeon to perform reconstructive surgeries to
improve the patients hearing and equilibrium and to have
greater control of diseases in the middle ear and mastoid.
Procedures to correct conductive hearing loss resulting from conductive apparatus abnormities may include a stapedectomy
and partial or total ossicular replacement surgery. Surgical Treatment for sensorineural hearing loss, or meniere’s disease,
can be offered to patients suffering from intolerable tinnitus or the disabling effects of vertigo. Cochlear implants and
implantable hearing aids havebrought new hope for def patients.
New monitoring techniques have proved to bebenficial in the preservation of the facial nerve by minimizing trauma during
reconstructive surgery. New diagnostic devices and techniques have given us the resources to identify the anatomic areas
that may present a surgical challenge and to plan the best approach to the target tissue. This same methodology will help
patients to better understand their diseases. This technology will also give the surgeon the ability to see the best approach
of the surgery before he or she begins to operate.
and partial or total ossicular replacement surgery. Surgical Treatment for sensorineural hearing loss, or meniere’s disease,
can be offered to patients suffering from intolerable tinnitus or the disabling effects of vertigo. Cochlear implants and
implantable hearing aids havebrought new hope for def patients.
New monitoring techniques have proved to bebenficial in the preservation of the facial nerve by minimizing trauma during
reconstructive surgery. New diagnostic devices and techniques have given us the resources to identify the anatomic areas
that may present a surgical challenge and to plan the best approach to the target tissue. This same methodology will help
patients to better understand their diseases. This technology will also give the surgeon the ability to see the best approach
of the surgery before he or she begins to operate.